Showing posts with label ibo-02. Show all posts
Showing posts with label ibo-02. Show all posts

Wednesday, 20 August 2025

All Questions - IBO-02 - International Marketing Management - IGNOU - MCOM - Assignment Solutions - 3rd semester

IGNOU ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS

        MASTER OF COMMERCE (MCOM - SEMESTER 3)

                            IBO-02 -  International Marketing Management                                                                             IBO-02/TMA/2025


Question No. 1

A company wants to enter into international markets. The company decided to involve another company in the foreign country. State the modes of entry where the scope for the involvement of a foreign company is possible. Explain those modes and critically evaluate and state in which situations each of them is suitable.

Answer:

Modes of Entry into International Markets Involving a Foreign Company

When a company decides to enter international markets with the involvement of a foreign company, the major entry modes are:

  1. Joint Ventures

  2. Strategic Alliances

  3. Franchising

  4. Licensing

  5. Contract Manufacturing

  6. Wholly Owned Subsidiaries (via acquisition or greenfield investment)

1. Joint Ventures

  • Meaning: A partnership where a domestic firm and a foreign firm jointly establish a new business entity.

  • Involvement: Both companies contribute capital, resources, technology, and share profits and risks.

  • Suitability:

    • When host country laws mandate local participation.

    • When local market knowledge and distribution networks are needed.

    • When risks are high and should be shared.

  • Critical Evaluation:

    • Advantages: Access to local expertise, shared risk, faster entry.

    • Disadvantages: Conflict of interest, cultural clashes, divided control.

  • Example: Maruti Suzuki (India–Japan JV).

2. Strategic Alliances

  • Meaning: Cooperative agreements between two or more companies to pursue common objectives without forming a new legal entity.

  • Involvement: Both companies remain independent but collaborate in R&D, technology, or distribution.

  • Suitability:

    • For short/medium-term projects (R&D, marketing).

    • When firms want flexibility without large investments.

  • Critical Evaluation:

    • Advantages: Quick access to technology, markets, and distribution.

    • Disadvantages: Weak commitment, risk of knowledge leakage to competitors.

  • Example: Starbucks and Tata Global Beverages (India).

3. Franchising

  • Meaning: A foreign company (franchisor) permits a local company (franchisee) to use its brand name, business model, and processes in return for fees and royalties.

  • Involvement: The foreign company provides brand, training, and know-how; the local firm invests and operates outlets.

  • Suitability:

    • For service-based industries (hospitality, food chains, retail).

    • When rapid expansion is required with low investment.

  • Critical Evaluation:

    • Advantages: Rapid growth, strong brand image, low financial risk to franchisor.

    • Disadvantages: Loss of control over operations, risk of quality dilution.

  • Example: McDonald’s, Domino’s in India.

4. Licensing

  • Meaning: The domestic company (licensor) gives rights to a foreign company (licensee) to produce and sell its product in return for a fee/royalty.

  • Involvement: The foreign company produces and markets the product locally.

  • Suitability:

    • When the firm lacks resources to invest abroad.

    • When intellectual property (patent, brand) can be easily transferred.

  • Critical Evaluation:

    • Advantages: Low-cost entry, quick market access, royalty income.

    • Disadvantages: Risk of losing technology, limited control over quality/marketing.

  • Example: Disney licensing its characters for merchandise in different countries.

5. Contract Manufacturing

  • Meaning: A foreign company is contracted to manufacture goods on behalf of the domestic firm.

  • Involvement: The foreign firm manufactures, while the home company controls marketing and branding.

  • Suitability:

    • When cost advantages (cheap labor, raw materials) exist abroad.

    • When firms want to focus only on branding and marketing.

  • Critical Evaluation:

    • Advantages: Cost savings, flexibility, faster production.

    • Disadvantages: Quality concerns, dependency on contractors, risk of brand reputation damage.

  • Example: Apple contracting Foxconn in China.

6. Wholly Owned Subsidiaries

  • Meaning: The domestic company establishes or acquires 100% ownership of a foreign firm.

  • Involvement: Complete involvement of the foreign company either through acquisition or greenfield investment.

  • Suitability:

    • When firm requires full control and can bear high risk/cost.

    • For long-term commitment in strategically important markets.

  • Critical Evaluation:

    • Advantages: Full control, high profit retention, long-term presence.

    • Disadvantages: High cost, high risk, vulnerable to host country political environment.

  • Example: Hyundai’s wholly owned subsidiary in India.

Conclusion

  • If the company seeks low risk and faster entry, licensing, franchising, and contract manufacturing are suitable.

  • If it seeks long-term growth with shared risk, joint ventures and strategic alliances work best.

  • If it seeks full control and strong brand establishment, wholly owned subsidiaries are the most appropriate.

👉 Choice of mode depends on: company objectives, resources, risk appetite, host country laws, and competitive environment.



Question No. 2

“Compared with products, marketing of services poses distinctive challenges to marketers”. Explain why it is so, and enumerate the marketing challenges.

Answer: 

“Compared with products, marketing of services poses distinctive challenges to marketers”

1. Introduction

  • Marketing of physical products is relatively easier because they are tangible, storable, and standardized.

  • Services, on the other hand, are intangible, variable, perishable, and inseparable from providers.

  • These unique features make services marketing more complex and challenging for marketers compared to product marketing.

2. Distinctive Characteristics of Services (Why Services Marketing is Different)

  1. Intangibility

    • Services cannot be seen, touched, or tried before purchase.

    • Customers depend on reputation, trust, brand image, and promises.

    • Example: A student cannot “test” education before enrolling in a coaching institute.

  2. Inseparability

    • Services are produced and consumed simultaneously.

    • Customer and service provider interaction becomes crucial.

    • Example: A doctor’s consultation requires the presence of both doctor and patient.

  3. Heterogeneity (Variability)

    • Quality of services may differ depending on who provides them, when, and how.

    • Example: Two different teachers in the same institute may teach differently.

  4. Perishability

    • Services cannot be stored, saved, or inventoried.

    • Unused service capacity is lost forever.

    • Example: An empty airline seat cannot be sold once the flight departs.

  5. Ownership

    • Services do not result in transfer of ownership.

    • Customers only enjoy access or experience.

    • Example: Netflix subscription gives access, not ownership.

3. Marketing Challenges in Services

Because of the above characteristics, service marketers face unique challenges:

(A) Challenges due to Intangibility

  • Difficulty in communicating service benefits.

  • Need for brand building, testimonials, and physical evidence (office, staff, infrastructure) to reduce uncertainty.

  • Example: Hospitals show advanced equipment to assure patients.

(B) Challenges due to Inseparability

  • Service quality depends heavily on staff–customer interaction.

  • Need for training employees in customer relationship management.

  • Example: A rude hotel receptionist can spoil the entire service experience.

(C) Challenges due to Variability

  • Ensuring standardization and consistency is difficult.

  • Requires SOPs, automation, and quality control.

  • Example: McDonald’s ensures uniform taste across countries through strict process controls.

(D) Challenges due to Perishability

  • Matching demand with supply is a major challenge.

  • Strategies like differential pricing, advance booking, promotions in off-seasons are used.

  • Example: Airlines use dynamic pricing to fill seats.

(E) Challenges due to Lack of Ownership

  • Customers may feel less attached to services compared to tangible goods.

  • Requires loyalty programs, relationship marketing, and service guarantees.

  • Example: Banks offer reward points to retain customers.

4. Conclusion

  • Unlike goods, services are intangible, variable, inseparable, and perishable, making their marketing highly challenging.

  • Service marketers must adopt special strategies like service differentiation, strong branding, customer relationship management, employee training, physical cues, and demand management.

  • Thus, services marketing requires greater focus on people, process, and physical evidence (3Ps of Services Marketing) in addition to the traditional 4Ps of marketing.



Question No. 3

Write short notes on the following:

a) Advertising appeals and product characteristics

b) EPRG orientation of firm

c) Pricing methods and practices in international marketing

d) International marketing concepts

Answer: 

a) Part 

Advertising Appeals and Product Characteristics

1. Introduction

  • Advertising Appeal refers to the theme, message, or approach used in an advertisement to attract consumer attention, influence their feelings, and motivate them to buy.

  • The nature of the product largely determines what type of advertising appeal will be effective.

  • Different product categories (convenience goods, luxury items, industrial goods, etc.) demand different appeals to match consumer psychology.

2. Types of Advertising Appeals

Advertising appeals are broadly classified as:

(A) Rational Appeals

  • Focus on logic, facts, and functional benefits.

  • Common for utilitarian products where performance, quality, and economy matter.

Examples of rational appeals:

  • Price appeal (low cost, discounts)

  • Quality appeal (durability, superior materials)

  • Performance appeal (speed, effectiveness, efficiency)

  • Safety/security appeal

(B) Emotional Appeals

  • Connect with feelings, desires, or psychological needs.

  • More effective for products linked with lifestyle, status, or personal image.

Examples of emotional appeals:

  • Fear appeal (insurance, safety products)

  • Love/affection appeal (greeting cards, gifts)

  • Pride/status appeal (luxury cars, branded clothing)

  • Joy/entertainment appeal (snacks, beverages)

3. Relationship between Product Characteristics and Appeals

Product Characteristic Suitable Advertising Appeal Example
Convenience Goods (low-priced, frequently bought) Price, availability, reminders Colgate, Maggi – focus on daily use, affordability
Shopping Goods (durable, compared before purchase) Quality, performance, rational appeal Smartphones – ads highlight features, battery life
Specialty Goods (luxury/status products) Prestige, pride, emotional appeal Rolex, Mercedes – emphasize exclusivity & status
Industrial Goods (used by businesses) Technical specifications, cost efficiency, rational appeal Caterpillar machinery – stress durability, performance
New/Innovative Products Curiosity, problem-solving appeal Dyson vacuum – focus on unique technology
Health/Safety Products Fear, security appeal Insurance, sanitizers, medicines
Children’s Products Fun, entertainment, affection Kinder Joy, Disney merchandise
Green/Eco-friendly Products Social responsibility, environmental appeal Tesla, biodegradable packaging products

4. Key Insights

  • High-Involvement Products (cars, electronics) → Rational + Emotional mix (features + status).

  • Low-Involvement Products (soft drinks, snacks) → Emotional appeal (fun, refreshment).

  • Luxury Goods → Emotional/status appeal dominates.

  • Necessities/Commodities → Rational appeals like price, economy, and availability.

5. Conclusion

Advertising appeals must be aligned with product characteristics and the consumer’s buying motive.

  • Functional products → rational appeal.

  • Lifestyle and luxury products → emotional appeal.

  • In practice, many successful campaigns combine both rational and emotional appeals to create a stronger impact.


b) Part

EPRG Orientation of a Firm

Introduction

The EPRG framework was developed by Howard V. Perlmutter to explain how multinational companies (MNCs) perceive and manage their international operations.
It identifies four types of orientations that a firm can adopt while going global: Ethnocentric, Polycentric, Regiocentric, and Geocentric.
These orientations reflect the firm’s attitude towards international business and determine how strategies (marketing, HR, finance, etc.) are formulated across countries.

1. Ethnocentric Orientation

  • The home country’s practices and values dominate.

  • Products, policies, and strategies developed in the domestic market are extended to foreign markets with little or no change.

  • Headquarters controls decision-making; subsidiaries have limited autonomy.

🔹 Advantages:

  • Simplicity and cost savings due to standardization.

  • Strong control by headquarters.

🔹 Disadvantages:

  • May fail if foreign consumers have different preferences.

  • Risk of cultural insensitivity.

🔹 Example:
Early Ford cars sold globally without modification (same left-hand drive model everywhere).

2. Polycentric Orientation

  • Each host country is considered unique and requires a tailored approach.

  • Local subsidiaries are given autonomy to design marketing strategies that suit local conditions.

  • “When in Rome, do as the Romans do.”

🔹 Advantages:

  • Better adaptation to local culture, tastes, and laws.

  • Higher customer satisfaction in each country.

🔹 Disadvantages:

  • Duplication of efforts; costly.

  • Lack of global brand consistency.

🔹 Example:
McDonald’s adapting menus in India (McAloo Tikki, vegetarian offerings) while serving beef in the U.S.

3. Regiocentric Orientation

  • Focus is on a region (a group of neighboring countries) rather than each country individually.

  • Strategies are developed for regional clusters (e.g., Europe, ASEAN, Latin America).

  • Middle ground between polycentric and geocentric approaches.

🔹 Advantages:

  • Achieves regional efficiency while allowing some adaptation.

  • Easier management compared to treating each country separately.

🔹 Disadvantages:

  • May ignore differences within the region.

  • Limited global integration.

🔹 Example:
Unilever adopting a common strategy for European Union markets, with slight adjustments within the region.

4. Geocentric Orientation

  • The firm views the entire world as a single market.

  • Seeks to integrate global operations with a global brand strategy while allowing minor local adjustments.

  • Emphasis on “Think global, act local.”

🔹 Advantages:

  • Strong global brand identity.

  • Economies of scale.

  • Balanced global efficiency and local responsiveness.

🔹 Disadvantages:

  • Requires high coordination and investment.

  • Complex management structure.

🔹 Example:
Apple, Nike, Coca-Cola – maintain global positioning while making small cultural adaptations (packaging, advertising language).

Conclusion

The EPRG framework highlights the evolution of a firm’s international outlook – from ethnocentric (domestic-oriented) to geocentric (globally integrated).

  • Firms that start with ethnocentrism often move towards polycentric and regiocentric approaches as they expand, ultimately aiming for a geocentric orientation to compete successfully in today’s globalized world.


c) Part 

Pricing Methods and Practices in International Marketing

Introduction

Pricing in international marketing is more complex than in domestic markets because it involves multiple influencing factors such as exchange rate fluctuations, tariffs and duties, government controls, competition, cultural perceptions of value, and differences in consumer purchasing power. A well-designed international pricing strategy ensures competitiveness abroad while maintaining profitability.

1. Factors Influencing International Pricing

Before choosing a pricing method, companies must consider:

  • Cost factors (production, transportation, tariffs, duties).

  • Market demand (consumer income levels, elasticity of demand).

  • Competition (local and global rivals).

  • Currency fluctuations and inflation.

  • Government regulations (price controls, anti-dumping laws).

  • Cultural perceptions of price and value (luxury vs. affordability).

2. Pricing Methods in International Marketing

(A) Cost-Based Pricing Methods

  1. Cost-Plus Pricing

    • Price = Production cost + Export costs (packing, insurance, freight, tariffs, margin).

    • Simple and ensures cost recovery, but may ignore market demand and competition.

    • Example: Industrial machinery exports.

  2. Marginal Cost Pricing

    • Price based only on variable costs (ignores fixed costs).

    • Helps penetrate competitive foreign markets.

    • Risk: may lead to dumping accusations if price is too low.

(B) Market-Oriented Pricing Methods

  1. Demand-Based Pricing

    • Price determined by willingness and ability of consumers to pay.

    • Suitable for luxury and premium products (Rolex, Apple).

  2. Competition-Based Pricing

    • Price set in line with competitor prices in the foreign market.

    • Ensures competitiveness but may reduce profit margins.

  3. Penetration Pricing

    • Low initial price to enter foreign markets and build market share.

    • Risk: may set low-value perception of the brand.

    • Example: Xiaomi smartphones entering Indian market.

  4. Skimming Pricing

    • High initial price to target wealthy/innovative customers, later reduced to attract mass market.

    • Example: Apple iPhone, Sony PlayStation.

(C) International Practices / Specialized Pricing Methods

  1. Transfer Pricing

    • Price at which goods/services are transferred between parent company and its foreign subsidiaries.

    • Often used for tax minimization.

    • Subject to government scrutiny.

  2. Dual Pricing

    • Different pricing for domestic and export markets.

    • Example: Oil & natural gas sold cheaper in home market, higher in foreign markets.

  3. Grey Market Pricing

    • Unofficial distribution channels may emerge if price differences between countries are large.

    • Companies must adopt uniformity to reduce grey markets.

  4. Dumping

    • Selling goods in foreign markets at a price lower than home market or production cost.

    • Often used to capture market share but is illegal under WTO anti-dumping rules.

  5. Price Discrimination

    • Charging different prices for the same product in different countries depending on purchasing power and demand.

    • Example: Software subscriptions (Netflix, MS Office) have different rates across countries.

3. Pricing Practices in International Marketing

  • Incoterms Pricing (FOB, CIF, Ex-works):

    • Price is quoted depending on responsibility for freight, insurance, and delivery.

    • Example: CIF (Cost, Insurance, Freight) includes shipping cost, while FOB (Free on Board) does not.

  • Countertrade Pricing:

    • Payment partly or wholly made in goods/services rather than cash.

    • Used in markets with foreign exchange restrictions.

    • Example: India importing oil from Russia with part payment in INR.

  • Psychological Pricing:

    • Adjusting prices to consumer psychology (e.g., $999 instead of $1000).

    • Effective in luxury and consumer goods markets.

  • Price Standardization vs. Adaptation:

    • Standardization: Same global price (e.g., Coca-Cola maintaining similar positioning).

    • Adaptation: Different prices in each country based on local conditions. Most companies adopt a “glocal” approach.

4. Examples of International Pricing Strategies

  • Apple: Uses price skimming globally, launching new models at premium prices.

  • IKEA: Adapts pricing to local markets; lower prices in India than in Europe to suit affordability.

  • Pharmaceuticals: Companies often face accusations of price discrimination, as drugs are priced higher in the U.S. but lower in developing countries.

Conclusion

International pricing is a strategic decision that balances cost, demand, competition, and government regulations across diverse markets. Firms may use cost-based, demand-based, or competition-oriented methods, along with specialized practices such as transfer pricing, countertrade, or dual pricing. The ultimate aim is to maintain profitability while ensuring competitiveness in global markets.

A successful international pricing strategy requires a careful blend of standardization for global brand image and adaptation to local affordability and regulations.


d) Part

International Marketing Concepts

Introduction

International marketing refers to the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of goods, services, and ideas across national borders to satisfy the needs of global customers and achieve organizational objectives. It is broader and more complex than domestic marketing, as it involves different cultures, economies, political systems, and legal frameworks.

To understand international marketing better, various concepts or orientations have been developed which guide how firms approach foreign markets.

1. Ethnocentric Concept

  • The company views foreign markets as secondary to its domestic market.

  • Products, strategies, and policies developed for the home market are extended to international markets with little or no change.

  • Assumes what works at home will work abroad.

  • Advantage: Cost saving due to standardization.

  • Limitation: May fail if foreign consumers have different tastes or preferences.

  • Example: Early U.S. car companies exporting left-hand drive cars to right-hand driving countries without modification.

2. Polycentric Concept

  • Each host country is treated as a unique market requiring a different marketing strategy.

  • Decisions are decentralized, giving significant autonomy to subsidiaries.

  • Focus is on local responsiveness.

  • Advantage: Products and strategies are better suited to local culture and needs.

  • Limitation: High cost due to duplication of efforts; no global brand consistency.

  • Example: McDonald’s adapting menus in India (McAloo Tikki, no beef or pork).

3. Regiocentric Concept

  • Focus is on regional grouping of countries rather than individual countries or the whole world.

  • Strategies are developed for a group of similar markets (e.g., EU, ASEAN, Middle East).

  • Advantage: Balance between global efficiency and local adaptation.

  • Limitation: May ignore differences within the region.

  • Example: A company using a single strategy for European Union markets.

4. Geocentric Concept

  • The company views the entire world as a potential market and tries to integrate global operations.

  • Emphasizes global standardization with minor local adaptations.

  • Encourages global brand image and synergies.

  • Advantage: Achieves economies of scale, consistency in branding.

  • Limitation: Requires high coordination and investment.

  • Example: Apple, Coca-Cola, Nike — maintain global positioning with small local adjustments.

5. Standardization vs. Adaptation

  • A central dilemma in international marketing.

  • Standardization: Same product and marketing strategy across all countries (e.g., Coca-Cola’s “happiness” theme).

  • Adaptation: Modifying products and strategies to meet local tastes, laws, or cultural needs (e.g., KFC offering vegetarian options in India).

  • Reality: Most firms adopt a “glocalization” approach — global brand with local tweaks.

6. E-Marketing / Digital International Marketing

  • With globalization and technology, digital platforms (social media, e-commerce, SEO, influencers) have become critical for international marketing.

  • Helps firms reach global consumers with lower cost, wider reach, and customized targeting.

  • Example: Amazon, Alibaba, Netflix.

Conclusion

International marketing concepts show the evolution from domestic-oriented (ethnocentric) approaches to truly global (geocentric) orientations. In today’s world, successful companies adopt a balanced approach, combining global standardization for efficiency and local adaptation for responsiveness. As markets become increasingly interconnected, international marketing concepts are crucial for firms to remain competitive and relevant.



Question No. 4

Differentiate between the following:

a) Warranty and Guarantee

b) Primary data and Secondary data

c) Direct and Indirect selling channels

d) Domestic and International marketing planning

Answer:

a) Part

Difference between Warranty and Guarantee

Basis of Difference Warranty Guarantee
Meaning A written assurance given by the seller/manufacturer to repair or replace the product if it is defective, usually for a specified period. A promise or assurance about the quality, durability, or performance of a product, failing which the product will be replaced or money refunded.
Nature Generally written and legally enforceable. Can be written or oral. Not always legally binding.
Scope Covers specific parts or functions of a product (e.g., warranty on motor of a washing machine). Covers the overall quality or performance of the product (e.g., a guarantee that the product will work satisfactorily).
Remedy Available Usually limited to repair or replacement of defective parts. Refund is rarely included. May include repair, replacement, or full refund if the product fails to meet expectations.
Time Period Generally for a longer duration (e.g., 1 year, 2 years, etc.). Usually for a shorter duration (immediate satisfaction guarantee, 7 days, 30 days, etc.).
Legal Protection Being a written document, it is easier to enforce legally. Harder to enforce if only oral; depends on trust and brand reputation.
Example Laptop comes with a 1-year warranty covering hardware defects. A clothing brand offers a 30-day money-back guarantee if the customer is not satisfied.

Summary

  • Warranty → Written assurance, legal, usually covers specific parts, focuses on repair/replacement.

  • Guarantee → Promise of overall performance/quality, may be oral/written, often includes refund/replacement.


b) Part

Difference between Primary Data and Secondary Data

Basis of Difference Primary Data Secondary Data
Meaning Data collected first-hand by the researcher for a specific purpose or study. Data that has already been collected, compiled, and published by others for general use.
Source Collected directly from respondents through methods like surveys, interviews, observation, experiments. Obtained from books, journals, government publications, company reports, websites, databases, etc.
Originality Always original and specific to the research problem. Already existing; not original, may or may not suit the researcher’s purpose.
Cost Relatively expensive (requires manpower, time, money). Relatively cheap and economical (already available).
Time Taken Collection is time-consuming. Collection is quick and easy.
Reliability & Accuracy Usually more reliable and accurate, since it is collected for the specific research problem. May be less reliable, as the data was collected for another purpose.
Flexibility Researcher can decide what, how, when, and from whom to collect data. Researcher has no control over how the data was originally collected.
Example Data collected through a questionnaire survey about customer satisfaction in a city. Census of India reports, RBI bulletins, UN data, online databases like World Bank statistics.

Summary

  • Primary Data → First-hand, specific, original, costly, time-consuming, but accurate.

  • Secondary Data → Already existing, general, economical, quick, but may not perfectly suit research needs.

c) Part

Difference between Direct Selling Channel and Indirect Selling Channel

Basis of Difference Direct Selling Channel Indirect Selling Channel
Meaning A channel where the manufacturer or producer sells directly to the consumer without involving intermediaries. A channel where the manufacturer sells products to consumers through intermediaries like wholesalers, retailers, or agents.
Intermediaries No middlemen; direct contact between producer and consumer. Involves one or more intermediaries such as wholesalers, distributors, retailers, agents.
Cost Saves middlemen’s margin; may reduce cost if managed efficiently, but direct distribution infrastructure is expensive. Middlemen’s margin increases cost to consumers, but reduces burden on manufacturer for distribution.
Control Manufacturer has greater control over pricing, brand image, and customer relationships. Manufacturer has less control since intermediaries influence price, display, and promotion.
Reach Limited reach, as producer must manage sales directly. Works well for customized, high-value, or niche products. Wider reach, as intermediaries distribute products across different markets and locations.
Examples - Company-owned outlets (e.g., Bata, Nike stores)
  • Online company website (e.g., Dell.com, Apple online store)

  • Door-to-door selling (Amway, Tupperware). | - FMCG products (Nestlé, HUL, ITC) sold through wholesalers and retailers

  • Electronics sold via distributors and retailers (e.g., Samsung, LG). |

Summary

  • Direct Channel → Producer → Consumer (no middlemen, high control, limited reach).

  • Indirect Channel → Producer → Wholesaler → Retailer → Consumer (with middlemen, less control, wider reach).


d) Part

Difference between Domestic and International Marketing Planning

Basis of Difference Domestic Marketing Planning International Marketing Planning
Meaning Planning of marketing activities restricted to operations within the home country. Planning of marketing activities that extend beyond national boundaries, across multiple countries.
Scope Limited to one country’s customers, competitors, and environment. Broader scope, covering diverse countries, cultures, and markets.
Environmental Factors Homogeneous environment: same language, culture, laws, currency, and customer preferences. Heterogeneous environment: differences in culture, languages, political systems, economic conditions, and currencies.
Market Research Easier, since data availability and consumer behavior are familiar. Complex, due to cultural diversity, language barriers, and unreliable secondary data.
Legal Framework One set of rules and regulations (domestic laws only). Multiple legal systems and trade regulations (tariffs, quotas, WTO rules, trade agreements).
Risks and Uncertainties Fewer risks, as the market environment is predictable. Higher risks due to political instability, exchange rate fluctuations, and cultural misunderstandings.
Competition Competition is mainly from domestic firms. Competition from both domestic firms in host country and other global players.
Cost of Planning & Execution Relatively lower cost. High cost due to international logistics, adaptation, tariffs, and promotional efforts.
Adaptation Needs Less need for adaptation; standard strategies often work nationwide. Requires adaptation of product, price, place, and promotion (4Ps) to suit local preferences.
Example A company like Haldiram’s planning its distribution within India. Haldiram’s expanding into U.S. or U.K. markets with product modifications (e.g., packaging, flavor, labeling).

Summary

  • Domestic Marketing Planning → Simple, low risk, uniform environment, focuses only on the home market.

  • International Marketing Planning → Complex, high risk, diverse environments, requires adaptation to multiple markets.


Question No. 5

Comment on the following statement:

a) “A marketing research report should merely present the findings. It must not comment on the possible course of action(s) to be taken on the basis of the study results."

b) “International marketing research is full of complexities”.

c) "Global positioning is most effective for product categories that approach

either end of 'high-touch/high-tech' continuum"

d) “Analysis of legal conditions are a very critical component in selecting

foreign markets”.

Answer: 

a) Part

“A marketing research report should merely present the findings. It must not comment on the possible course of action(s) to be taken on the basis of the study results.” – Comment

Introduction

A marketing research report is the formal presentation of information collected through systematic investigation of a market situation. Its primary purpose is to provide objective, unbiased, and reliable data to aid managerial decision-making. However, there is a debate: should the researcher only present findings, or should they also recommend actions?

1. Argument Supporting the Statement (Restrict to Findings Only)

  1. Objectivity and Neutrality

    • The role of a researcher is to present facts without personal bias.

    • Making recommendations may introduce subjectivity or favoritism, reducing credibility.

  2. Decision-Making is a Managerial Function

    • Managers, not researchers, are responsible for taking business decisions.

    • Research reports provide the “what is,” while managers decide the “what to do.”

  3. Different Perspectives

    • Researchers analyze data scientifically, but managers must also consider other dimensions: financial resources, company strategy, politics, and organizational culture.

    • Recommendations by researchers may not align with organizational realities.

  4. Avoiding Accountability Issues

    • If recommendations fail, managers may blame researchers. By sticking to findings, researchers avoid being held responsible for wrong business decisions.

2. Argument Against the Statement (Include Suggested Actions)

  1. Practical Utility of Research

    • Managers often lack the technical expertise to interpret statistical data.

    • Action-oriented insights make research more useful and actionable.

  2. Bridging the Gap between Data and Decisions

    • A mere presentation of numbers, charts, or consumer opinions may confuse managers.

    • Researchers can provide evidence-based implications to guide decision-making.

  3. Time and Resource Efficiency

    • In fast-changing markets, managers require quick solutions.

    • Recommendations save time by narrowing down possible strategies.

  4. Best Practices

    • Many global research agencies (e.g., Nielsen, Kantar) not only provide findings but also give actionable insights that help firms implement effective strategies.

3. Balanced View

  • The ideal approach is a balanced one:

    • The core of the report must present objective findings (facts, trends, data analysis).

    • At the end, the researcher may provide possible implications or alternative courses of action, but final decisions should remain with management.

  • This ensures neutrality while also enhancing the practical value of the report.

Conclusion

While the statement emphasizes the need for objectivity in marketing research, in reality, a research report that only presents findings without offering any implications may have limited usefulness for decision-makers. A balanced approach is preferable: researchers should focus on factual findings but may also suggest broad, evidence-based courses of action—leaving the final decision to management.

Thus, a marketing research report should be both factual and insight-driven, combining accuracy with practical utility.


b) Part

“International marketing research is full of complexities.” – Comment

Introduction

Marketing research refers to the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data to support marketing decisions. When businesses expand globally, this process becomes far more complicated due to differences in economic, cultural, political, legal, and technological environments. Thus, international marketing research is inherently complex compared to domestic marketing research.

1. Sources of Complexity in International Marketing Research

  1. Cultural Differences

    • Consumer behavior, values, beliefs, and perceptions vary widely across countries.

    • Words, colors, or symbols may carry different meanings, making it difficult to design universally effective questionnaires.

    • Example: A thumbs-up gesture is positive in the U.S. but offensive in some Middle Eastern cultures.

  2. Language and Communication Barriers

    • Translation issues may distort survey questions or responses.

    • Back-translation is often necessary to ensure accuracy, increasing cost and time.

  3. Sampling Challenges

    • Identifying a truly representative sample is harder across borders.

    • Population data may be outdated, incomplete, or unreliable in some countries.

  4. Availability and Reliability of Secondary Data

    • In developed countries, data is widely available and reliable.

    • In developing countries, secondary data may be scarce, outdated, or inconsistent, making cross-country comparisons difficult.

  5. Differences in Market Infrastructure

    • Levels of distribution, media penetration, internet access, and retail formats vary, affecting how research can be conducted.

    • Example: Online surveys may work in the U.S. but are less effective in rural India or Africa.

  6. Legal and Political Restrictions

    • Some governments restrict data collection, consumer interviews, or use of foreign agencies.

    • Privacy laws (e.g., GDPR in Europe) impose strict rules on data collection and storage.

  7. Cost and Time Factors

    • Conducting research across multiple countries involves high expenses (travel, hiring local agencies, translation, adaptation).

    • The process is also time-consuming, delaying decision-making.

  8. Comparability of Data

    • Different countries have varying standards for income, education, or occupational classifications.

    • Data from one country may not be directly comparable to another, making global analysis challenging.

2. Examples Illustrating Complexities

  • Cultural Research: McDonald’s must research local food habits before launching products (vegetarian burgers in India, pork-free menus in Muslim countries).

  • Legal Restrictions: In China, foreign research agencies often need government approval for large-scale surveys.

  • Data Comparability: Per capita income figures differ due to variations in currency valuation and purchasing power.

3. Ways to Overcome Complexities

  • Employ local research agencies with cultural expertise.

  • Use multi-method approaches (surveys, focus groups, observation) for accuracy.

  • Apply back-translation to ensure language accuracy.

  • Rely on international organizations’ data (World Bank, IMF, UN) for consistency.

  • Leverage digital tools and big data to reduce cost and time in data collection.

Conclusion

International marketing research is undoubtedly complex, as it involves navigating cultural diversity, language barriers, inconsistent data, legal restrictions, and infrastructural differences. Yet, despite these challenges, it remains indispensable for global firms. Accurate research enables businesses to adapt products, positioning, and strategies effectively to diverse markets. Companies that invest in overcoming these complexities gain a significant competitive edge in the international marketplace.


c) Part

“Global positioning is most effective for product categories that approach either end of ‘high-touch/high-tech’ continuum.” – Comment

Introduction

Global positioning refers to developing a standardized image, message, and identity for a product or brand across international markets. It is based on the idea that certain consumer needs, emotions, or product benefits are universal, thus enabling companies to market the same way globally. However, global positioning is not equally effective for all products. Research suggests that it works best at the extremes of the “high-touch / high-tech continuum.”

1. Understanding the High-Touch / High-Tech Continuum

  1. High-Tech Products

    • Products with advanced technology, superior functionality, and strong performance orientation.

    • These appeal to rational decision-making and universal technical standards.

    • Examples: laptops, smartphones, microprocessors, electric vehicles, software solutions.

  2. High-Touch Products

    • Products associated with emotions, lifestyle, prestige, and cultural symbolism.

    • These appeal to universal human feelings (love, beauty, luxury, self-esteem).

    • Examples: luxury watches (Rolex), perfumes (Chanel), designer clothing (Gucci), premium beverages (Coca-Cola).

2. Why Global Positioning Works at These Extremes

  • For High-Tech Products:

    • Customers worldwide look for the same features, reliability, performance, and innovation.

    • Technical specifications and product quality have universal appeal (e.g., Apple iPhone, Intel chips).

    • Communication can be standardized, focusing on technology and innovation.

  • For High-Touch Products:

    • Human emotions like love, beauty, prestige, youth, or friendship are universal.

    • Brands can leverage global lifestyle appeal and create aspirational positioning (e.g., Nike’s “Just Do It,” Coca-Cola’s happiness theme).

    • Symbolic value and emotional resonance cut across borders.

3. Middle-Ground Products: The Challenge

  • Products that are neither highly technical nor highly emotional (e.g., household cleaners, packaged foods, personal care basics) are more influenced by local tastes, traditions, and cultural norms.

  • These require more local adaptation rather than global positioning.

  • Example: McDonald’s adapts menus for local preferences (McAloo Tikki in India, Teriyaki Burger in Japan).

4. Examples of Successful Global Positioning

  • High-Tech:

    • Apple: Global message of innovation and premium technology.

    • Tesla: Positioned globally as a pioneer in sustainable, high-tech automobiles.

  • High-Touch:

    • Rolex: Symbol of luxury and timeless prestige across countries.

    • Coca-Cola: Universal message of joy, friendship, and togetherness.

Conclusion

Global positioning is most effective when products fall at either end of the high-touch/high-tech continuum. High-tech products benefit from universal technical appeal, while high-touch products benefit from universal emotional appeal. In contrast, products in the middle of the continuum often need local customization to match cultural, social, and consumption patterns. Hence, marketers must carefully assess where their product lies on this continuum before choosing a global positioning strategy.


d) Part

“Analysis of legal conditions are a very critical component in selecting foreign markets”. Comment.

International business involves operating across borders, which means that firms are exposed to diverse legal environments that differ from one country to another. The legal system of a host country significantly influences the ease of doing business, the security of investments, and the long-term viability of operations. Therefore, analyzing the legal conditions is a critical step in selecting foreign markets.

Importance of Legal Environment in Foreign Market Selection

  1. Compliance and Risk Avoidance

    • Every country has its own set of laws relating to business incorporation, taxation, employment, consumer protection, and corporate governance.

    • Failure to comply with these legal requirements may result in fines, penalties, or even closure of business operations.

    • Hence, understanding legal conditions helps companies minimize risks.

  2. Protection of Intellectual Property (IPR)

    • For firms relying on innovation, trademarks, patents, and copyrights, host-country legal frameworks are crucial.

    • Weak IPR protection may result in imitation, piracy, or loss of competitive advantage.

  3. Foreign Investment Laws

    • Many countries impose restrictions on foreign direct investment (FDI). For example, some sectors may be reserved for domestic firms, while others may require joint ventures with local partners.

    • Liberal and transparent investment laws encourage foreign businesses, whereas restrictive laws discourage entry.

  4. Taxation Policies

    • Corporate tax rates, double taxation treaties, and transfer pricing regulations directly affect profitability.

    • Countries with high and complex tax regimes may deter foreign investors, while tax-friendly jurisdictions attract them.

  5. Contract Enforcement and Judicial Efficiency

    • The ease of enforcing contracts, resolving disputes, and obtaining legal remedies affects business confidence.

    • Countries with slow, corrupt, or unpredictable legal systems may pose challenges for smooth operations.

  6. Labour and Employment Laws

    • Regulations concerning minimum wages, employee benefits, union rights, and working conditions must be considered.

    • Strict or inflexible labour laws increase operational costs and reduce flexibility.

  7. Trade and Competition Laws

    • Antitrust regulations, anti-dumping policies, and import-export controls affect the ability to operate competitively.

    • Compliance ensures that firms are not penalized for monopolistic or unfair trade practices.

  8. Environmental and Consumer Protection Laws

    • Increasingly, nations are enforcing strict sustainability and consumer protection laws.

    • Non-compliance can damage both legal standing and brand reputation.

 Conclusion

The legal environment of a host country is not just a background condition but a determinant factor in foreign market selection. A favorable legal framework ensures protection, reduces risks, and facilitates smooth operations. Conversely, adverse or uncertain legal conditions may make even an economically attractive market unsuitable for entry.

Thus, analysis of legal conditions is indispensable in making informed decisions about international expansion, ensuring compliance, profitability, and sustainability in foreign markets.






Monday, 31 January 2022

Question No. 5 - IBO - 02 International Marketing Management Mcom 1st Year

Solutions to Assignments 

IBO-02 International Marketing Management

Question No. 5 Comment briefly on the following statement: 

(a) In addition to the general considerations in packaging, there are certain special factors to be considered in export packaging. 

There are certain special factors to be considered in export packaging design. These factors relate to

1. Language
A package does promotion functions too. The literature printed on the package material must be in local language. Then only a majority of the users can understand the product information the package label bears. Thus, language is one of the important considerations to be borne in mind while designing export packaging

2. Regulations in the foreign countries
Packaging is subject to government regulations in foreign countries. Packaging standards are specified for certain commodities. If packaging does not comply with foreign regulations, it may attract punitive action.

3. Buyer’s specifications
Sometimes, buyers specify their requirements with regard to packaging. They may like to purchase the product in a specific form which may be convenient to them. When the package is in the form of a tube rather than a jar, it would be easy for the buyers to handle the package of the product till it is used up.

4. Length of the distribution channel
Channel distribution is the pathway of reaching goods to the ultimate consumers. A lengthy distribution channel involves too many middlemen taking a longer time between production and final consumption. Then the package must endure the rigors of travel and handling in the long distribution channel. Stronger packaging is preferred in such cases.

Depending upon the time factor involved in the distribution channel, packaging must be designed. A package should be capable of withstanding the stresses of handling in transport and storage.

5. Environmental factors
Environmental factors like weather and climatic conditions greatly influence the package design. A tropical country requires different packaging than for a country with cold climate.

6. Disposability of packages
Generally, consumers in developed countries prefer disposable containers. If the package is disposable immediately after use, then due care must be given to the package material. The package material should not cause environmental hazards. It would be better if the material could be recycled.

7. Size of package
The size of the package is one of the important considerations in designing packages. It depends upon the buying characteristics of consumers. If buyers purchase regularly at short intervals, then the size of the package can be small. On the other hand, buyers with freezers at home may prefer big packages.



(b) International marketing displays an interesting paradox with respect to control situation. 

Marketers assume that the else choices they offer, the more likely guests will be fit to find just the right thing. They assume, for illustration, that offering 50 styles of jeans instead of two increases the chances that shoppers will find a twain they really like. International marketing displays an interesting paradox with respect to control situation. Notwithstanding, probe now shows that there can be too substantial choice; when there is, consumers are less likely to buy anything at all, and if they do buy, they're less satisfied with their selection.

 It all began with jam. In 2000, psychologists Sheena Iyengar and Mark Lepper published a remarkable study. On one day, shoppers at an upmarket food request saw a display table with 24 strains of gourmand jam. International marketing displays an interesting paradox with respect to control situation. Those who tried the spreads took a ticket for$ 1 off any jam. On another day, shoppers saw a resembling table, except that only six strains of the jam were on display. The large display attracted further interest than the small bone. But when the time came to take, people who saw the large display were one-tenth as likely to buy as people who saw the small display.

 Other studies have Vindicated this result that other choice isn't always better. As the variety of snacks, soft drinks, and beers offered at convenience stores increases, for specimen, transactions volume and punter satisfaction shrinkage. Either, as the number of withdrawal investment options available to workers increases, the chance that they will choose any shrinkages. International marketing displays an interesting paradox with respect to control situation. These studies and others have shown not only that undue choice can produce “ choice palsy,” but also that it can reduce people’s satisfaction with their verdicts, yea if they made good bones. My confreres and I've start that increased choice decreases satisfaction with matters as trivial as ice cream flavors and as significant as jobs.

These results challenge what we suppose we know about natural nature and the determinants of well- being. Both psychology and business have operated on the supposition that the relationship between choice and well- being is straightforward International marketing displays an interesting paradox with respect to control situation. The other choices people have, the better off they are. In psychology, the benefits of choice have been tied to autonomy and control. In business, the benefits of choice have been tied to the benefits of free requests more generally. Added options make no bone worse off, and they're bound to make someone better off.

 Choice is good for us, but its relationship to satisfaction appears to be more complicated than we had assumed. There's lowering frontier usefulness in having volitions; each new option subtracts a little from the feeling of well- being, until the frontier benefits of added choice standing out. What’s more, psychologists and business academics similarly have largely ignored another product of choice Fresh of it requires increased time and trouble and can lead to anxiety, rue, monstrously high expectancies, and nature- blame if the choices do n’t work out. When the number of available options is small, these costs are negligible, but the costs grow with the number of options. Ultimately, each new option makes us feel worse off than we did anteriorly.


(c) The revolutionary changes in the information technology is sweeping across global business. 

The effects of technological change on the global economic structure are creating immense transformations in the way companies and nations organize production, trade goods, invest capital, and develop new products and processes. Sophisticated information technologies permit instantaneous communication among the far-flung operations of global enterprises. New materials are revolutionizing sectors as diverse as construction and communications. Advanced manufacturing technologies have altered long-standing patterns of productivity and employment. Improved air and sea transportation has greatly accelerated the worldwide flow of people and goods.

All this has both created and mandated greater interdependence among firms and nations. The rapid rate of innovation and the dynamics of technology flows mean that comparative advantage is short-lived. To maximize returns, arrangements such as transnational mergers and shared production agreements are sought to bring together partners with complementary interests and strengths. This permits both developed and developing countries to harness technology more efficiently, with the expectation of creating higher standards of living for all involved.

Rapid technological innovation and the proliferation of transnational organizations are driving the formation of a global economy that sometimes conflicts with nationalistic concerns about maintaining comparative advantage and competitiveness. It is indeed a time of transition for firms and governments alike. This book provides a broad overview of these issues and seeks to shed light on such areas as the changing nature of international competition, influences of new technologies on international trade, and economic and social concerns arising from differences in national cultures and standards of living associated with adoption and use of new technologies.
At the institutional level, private enterprises are the principal instruments in many countries for developing and using technology, although governments play an important enabling role. The task of private enterprises is to be knowledgeable about the current state of science and technology, to understand the needs of the marketplace, and then to create technologies, products, and services that best meet those market needs. Morris Tanenbaum pointed out that this endeavor embraces many disciplines (basic science, engineering, production, distribution, marketing, and finance) and individual motivations. Many participants and observers of the contemporary technological scene propose that we are going through a period of discontinuous change as the breadth of technological applications expands and the time scale of change becomes shorter. For example, markets are becoming more global as transportation and communication speed the flow of knowledge of new products, and greater investment is being made in research and development (R&D) as technological capability has expanded. This process has placed new demands on organizations as they strive to obtain quick and effective market information and access, recoup their R&D investment more quickly, and recognize the importance of sharing technological capabilities. This is particularly true with regard to the information technologies—the one technology most rapidly changing other technologies. It achieves its greatest power when it is most global; where it provides the means to obtain access to the information systems of other countries and establish arrangements that promote the transfer of technology.

Government plays a central role in technology issues at the national level. Technology has now become a part of almost every political discussion as politicians have realized the impact of technology on world events. Governments vary in the way they influence and exploit technological changes, for example, through regulation, procurement, protectionist policies, and support of R&D. Public attitudes among various countries also differ, and these differences can affect governmental technology policy. “Given the fact that there is no ‘correct’ way of dealing with technologies which is applicable to all countries,” Sir Robin Nicholson commented, “each country must find its optimum way depending on its history, institutions, and public attitudes.” This implies that countries will move forward at different speeds, creating imbalances among nations. In this respect, multinational corporations, responsibly managed and sensibly treated by the countries in which they invest, and transnational joint ventures serve an important function by promoting global equilibrium.

From an international perspective, the main issue is to sustain and improve world growth and improve growth per capita. This breaks down into the problems of Western Europe, Japan, the United States, Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, and the problems of the more and less advanced developing countries. Robert Malpas noted that it becomes essential for all these players to harness technology for growth; however, this effort is frequently constrained by protectionism, concerns about intellectual property, the demands of international marketing and finance, and, of course, national security. The net result appears to be that emerging nations, with a few exceptions, have even more difficulty achieving the growth necessary to close the gap with leading nations. Among the trends at the international level that can help sustain and improve world growth: the rebirth of interest in manufacturing, the spread of expert systems which multiply skills and help in the industrialization process, the acceptance of multinational corporations, the privatization of various industries, and the increased interest of governments in technology.


(d) A market research report must use the format that best fits the needs and desires of its readers. 

In essence, a market research report is a document that reveals the characteristics of your ideal customers, their buying habits, the value your product or service can bring to them, and the list of your top competitors.

The marketing research report paints a picture of what kinds of new products or services may be the most profitable in today’s highly competitive landscape. For products or services already available, a marketing research report can provide detailed insights as to whether they are meeting their consumers’ needs and expectations. It helps understand the reasons why consumers buy a particular product by studying consumer behavior, including how economic, cultural, societal, and personal factors influence that behavior.

Furthermore, the purpose of writing a marketing research report is to make calculated decisions about business ideas – whether they’re worth pursuing or not. This requires one primary skill which is observing the pattern which is hidden in the User Generated Content (UGC) written in different tones and perspectives on the social web.

Simply put, writing a market research report is a vital part of planning business activities and serves as a neat way to assimilate all the information about your target market and prospective customers.

Now, there are two key varieties of marketing research report formats – primary and secondary.

Primary vs. Secondary Market Research

Let’s take a look at the main recipes of how to make a market research report in detail:

Primary Research
This method of marketing research involves gathering firsthand information about your market and prospective clients. You study your customers directly by conducting:

  • Interviews (either by telephone or face-to-face)
  • Surveys and polls (online or by email)
  • Questionnaires (online or by email)
  • Focus groups discussions with a sample of potential customers and getting their direct feedback
  • Some crucial questions that you need to ask your prospective customers in your primary research are:

What are the factors that motivate you to purchase this product or service?
What do you like or dislike about this type of product or service already available on the market?
Are there any areas you’d like to suggest for improvement?
What according to you is the appropriate price for this product or service?
Primary research also involves analyzing competitors’ strategies, so you can find gaps and weaknesses that you can turn into your strengths.

Secondary Research

The second method of writing a marketing research report is all about analyzing the data that has already been published and using the available information on the web. That is, secondary research is done from reliable reports and statistics found on the websites of other organizations or authority blogs in your industry.

Sources can be:

Public: This includes all the free sources like social media and forums, Google Trends, YouGov, and government sources such as the United States Census Bureau.
Commercial: This includes industry insights compiled by research agencies like Pew, Gartner, Forrester, and so on. Typically, these are paid.
Internal: This is the historical market data your organization already has in-house, such as the Net Promoter Score, customer churn rate, and so on.
Secondary data can help you identify competitors, establish benchmarks, and determine target customer segments or demographics – people who live a certain lifestyle, their income and buying patterns, age group, location, etc.

How to Prepare Market Research Report

Now, here are some concrete steps and guidelines for writing a marketing research report.

Step 1: Cluster the Data
First off, compile all the relevant data you’ve accumulated from your primary and/or secondary research efforts. Survey results, interview answers, statistics from third-party sources – bring it all together and then analyze the information to sketch out the profile of your target market.

Step 2: Prepare an Outline
Next, create a skeleton of the report so that you understand what information will go where. An outline with sections and subsections will help you structure your marketing research report properly. A typical report includes an introduction, background and methodology, executive summary, results, and a conclusion with links to all references.

With an outline in front of you, start by writing the front matter of your report – an introduction that provides a brief overview of your business and the reason you conducted the market research. Include a summary of the market research process and the results you have analyzed. For instance, you might have been gauging the feasibility of a new product, so summarize that your market research report is for a new product launch.

Step 3: Mention the Research Methods
An important next step is to clearly mention the methods used to conduct the research. That is, if you conducted polls, specify the number of polls, the percentage of responses, the types of people or businesses targeted, and the questions included in the poll. Tag all the resources for demographic information, such as census data.

Step 4: Include Visuals With Narrative Explanation
Visuals such as charts and graphs are an important part of any research paper. They make sure that the findings are easy to comprehend.

So, create tables, graphs, and/or charts illustrating the results of the research. Accompany it with a narrative explanation of the visual data. Highlight the inferences you made based on this data.

Step 5: Conclude the Report With Recommendations
Finally, conclude your report with a section that lists actionable recommendations based on the research results to facilitate decision making. For example, all the numbers may point to the conclusion that your customers desire a particular feature that no other product on the market is currently offering. In this case, it is clear that it’s a good idea to invest your resources in providing that feature and gain a competitive edge.

At the very end of the report, include reference links to all the sources and an appendix for supplementary materials and further reading.


Saturday, 15 January 2022

Question No. 3 IBO - 02 International Marketing Management Mcom 1st Year

Solutions to Assignments 

IBO-02 International Marketing Management

Solutions to Question No. 3

a) International Sales People 

An international sales representative is a person who sells goods or services to clients outside of his own country. 
A salesman is an ambassador of his company to the external world. He leaves a lasting impression on those with whom he interacts and form an opinion about the company from his behaviour. By no stretch of imagination, we can consider the production staff or, for that matter any other staff of the organisation wielding the same influence as the salesman does.

A salesman is out in the field, with no direct or little direct supervision, whereas other employees have to work under close supervision. A salesman needs human relations skill much more than others. As he interacts with a variety of people in diverse situations, he must show diplomatic skills and composure. Field duties involve hard physical labor, and are never a bed of roses. Besides, selling demands creativity, doggedness and initiative. Thus, a successful salesman should have a combination of brain and brawn. As he is to be self-directed, he needs strong motivation.

A salesman needs human relations skill much more than others. As he interacts with a variety of people in diverse situations, he must show diplomatic skills and composure. He should show tact and intelligence while dealing with his customers.

A salesman is authorized to spend company’s money for his lodging, boarding, travelling and entertainment. Very few in the company are so authorized to use the company’s funds.He should show tact and intelligence while dealing with his customers. A salesman is authorized to spend company’s money for his lodging, boarding, travelling and entertainment. A salesman cannot enjoy family life like people in other walks of life do. He has to travel his territory while servicing it.
A salesman cannot enjoy family life like people in other walks of life do. He has to travel his territory while servicing it. Besides, selling is a high pressure job. All this makes him prone to stress. Thus, a salesman has to brave all kinds of adverse situations, while being away from home. It is, thus, a very tough job.

A salesperson is an individual whose fundamental job is to sell a product/service. They are people who are predomi­nantly engaged in personal selling activities on behalf of the company with a view to generate business connections that culminate the salespeople in delivering the product or service to the customers.

This is the description of salespeople that was portrayed in traditional selling. However, in modern selling, a salesperson’s role extends much over than just delivering the product to the customers. Today, the bigger role of a salesperson lies in the post-selling period.

The job of the salesperson apparently sounds simple in ideation but intricate in execution. Selling is an all-important task of an organization. It is the wheel of the organization that gives mobility to it. It determines the success or failure of the organization. It guides and controls the performance of the organization. Salespeople are the drivers of the ‘organization’ wagon.

Salespeople are the human factors in selling that stimulates prospective cus­tomers to be the real customers and the present customers to stay with the firm and opt for higher rate of consumption. Salespeople also act at the operational ambit of the organization. Success in sales plans, policies, strategies rely heav­ily on the personalized selling demonstrated by salespeople. A salesperson can work on behalf of a manufacturer, wholesaler, distributor, retailer, institution, franchisee, etc.

In the traditional selling format, salespeople held a ‘pushy’ image. They used to coax and cajole innocent customers into buying their products. Even for narrow interests, salespeople did not hesitate to cross ethical lines of business and dupe naive customers by swallowing over-priced products or inferior-quality products. Tall talk and lofty claims were often used as means to persuade customers to lean towards their products. Often, these salespeople were talkative and deceptive. They persistently used to flatter less or non-informative customers to join hands by pressure tactics.

(b) Export agency agreement

The export contract is used for the international sale of certain products (industrial supplies, raw materials, manufactured goods), which are projected for resale, where the buyer is a trader, importer, distributor or wholesaler that will sell the products to another company or merchant. Though it is common practice to export products based a proforma invoice or quotation received from exporters, it is a safe practice to use written and legal export contracts. Some of the essential elements of an export contract are:

  • Products, standards and specifications.
  • Units of measure in both figures and words.
  • Total value. The total contract value in words and figures, and in a specific currency.
  • Terms of delivery. Delivery terms, based on the Incoterms.
  • Terms of payment. Amount, mode and currency.
  • Documentary requirements. Documents needed for international trade transactions.
  • Delay in delivery. Damages due to the importer from the exporter in the event of late delivery owing to reasons other that force majeure.
  • A contract should provide for the insurance of goods against loss, damage or destruction during transportation.
  • Force majeure. Provisions in the contract defining circumstances that would relieve partners of their liability for non-performance of the contract.
  • Applicable law. The law of the country that is to govern the contract.
  • Arbitration clause to facilitate amicable and quick settlement of disputes or differences that may arise between the parties.

(c) Data sources


Marketing information and research are powerful tools to improve your understanding of your customers, competitors, and the industry and market in which you work. In today’s information-rich world, many great sources of marketing data are already available. Knowing what they are and how to find them is a great skill for any marketer.
The data sources recommended below are a representative sampling, rather than a complete list.

It is also worth noting that the marketing information landscape is continually changing. Marketers would be well served to continually scan for new developments and information sources that may be beneficial to improve their understanding of customers and ways of serving them.

- Publicly Available Data Sources
Government agencies, non-profit organizations, and non-governmental organizations often publish freely available data that may inform marketers’ understanding of consumers, customers, the geographies, and industry sectors where they operate.

- Syndicated Marketing Research Data
A number of commercial companies provide syndicated marketing research that is well respected and often well used by organisations that subscribe to their services.

- Other Useful Sources for Marketing Data
These additional sources for other types of marketing information are also warrant attention. Whether or not marketers use them, they should be aware of these tools and how they can be useful for a variety of marketing purposes. 


 (d) Transfer Pricing


Transfer prices are those charged for intracompany movement of goods and services. Firms need to make transfer-pricing decisions when goods are transferred from the headquarters to the subsidiaries in another countries. This transfer prices are important because goods transferred from country to country must have a value for cross-border taxation purposes. There are three basic approaches to transfer pricing:

  • Transfer at cost. The transfer price is set at the level of the production cost and the international division is credited with the entire profit that the firm makes. This means that the production center is evaluated on efficiency parameters rather than profitability.
  • Transfer at arm´s length. Here the international division is charged the same as any buyer outside the firm. Problems occur if the overseas division is allowed to buy elsewhere when the price is uncompetitive or the product quality is inferior, and further problems arise if there are no external buyers, making it difficult to establish a relevant price. Nevertheless, this approach has now been accepted worldwide as the preferred (not required) standard by which transfer prices should be set.
  • Transfer at cost plus. This is the usual compromise, where profits are split between the headquarters and the subsidiaries. The formula used for assessing the transfer price can vary, but usually it is this method that has the greatest chance of minimizing time spent on transfer-price disagreements, optimizing corporate profits and motivating the headquarters and subsidiaries.
The best solution also depends on the tax rates in the countries of the headquarters and subsidiaries. 

All Questions - IBO-02 - International Marketing Management - IGNOU - MCOM - Assignment Solutions - 3rd semester

IGNOU ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS          MASTER OF COMMERCE (MCOM - SEMESTER 3)                                   IBO-02 -  International Marketi...