Question No. 3 - BCOE - 143 Fundamentals of Financial Management

 

Solutions to Assignments 

BCOE - 143 Fundamentals of Financial Management

Question No. 3

Explain the different approaches for calculating cost of capital. 

The cost of capital can be calculated by different methods these are discussed as below:

(I) Computation of cost by specific source of finance

1) Cost of debt: cost of debt means the interest payable on the debentures. 

2) Cost of preference share capital: a fixed rate of dividend is paid to the preference shareholders at regular intervals. If it is not paid to them than it affects the fund raising capacity of the firm.

3.) Cost of equity share capital: it is not legally binding upon the company to pay dividend to the equity shareholders. They are not paid dividend at fixed rate. Shareholders invest money with the hope that they will get the dividend and the firm must earn minimum rate of return to keep the market price of shares stable. The return may be in different form

a) dividend per share

            Ke =D/P

b) Dividend per share + growth

            Ke =D/P + g

c) Earning per share

             Ke =EPS/NP

d) Realized yield method: the earlier methods fail to estimate future dividend and earning correctly. To overcome this limitation actual average rate of return realized in the past is used. Average rate of return is found out with the help of dividend received in the past along with gain realized at the time of the sale of the shares.

4.) Cost of retained earning: it is the opportunity cost of dividend foregone by the shareholders.

Kr =D/NP + g

(II) Weighted average cost of capital: it is also called overall cost of capital or composite cost of capital as it is the composite cost of various source of capital. In this kind of cost of capital weights are given to specific cost of capital. The weights may have book value or market value. As market value represents the true value of the investors, so market value weights are preferred than the book value.

Kw =∑ XW/∑W

Question No. 4 - BCOE - 143 Fundamentals of Financial Management

Solutions to Assignments 

BCOE - 143 Fundamentals of Financial Management

Question No. 4

From the following information, calculate the degree of financial leverage, degree of operating leverage and degree of combined leverage of a firm:

Question No. 2 - BCOE - 143 Fundamentals of Financial Management

 

Solutions to Assignments 

BCOE - 143 Fundamentals of Financial Management

Question No. 2

Calculate the NPV of a project which has an initial investment of Rs. 20,00,000/-, having a life of five years. The cost of capital is 8%. Should the company accept the project? Explain the reasons.

When NPV is positive, it adds value to the firm. When it is negative, it subtracts value. An investor should never undertake a negative NPV project. As long as all options are discounted to the same point in time, NPV allows for easy comparison between investment options.

Question No. 1 - BCOE - 143 Fundamentals of Financial Management

Solutions to Assignments 

BCOE - 143 Fundamentals of Financial Management

Question No. 1

Explain the meaning and objectives of financial management 

• Meaning of Financial Management

Financial Management means planning, organising, directing and controlling the financial activities such as procurement and utilisation of funds of the enterprise. It means applying general management principles to financial resources of the enterprise.

• Objectives of Financial Management

The financial management is generally concerned with procurement, allocation and control of financial resources of a concern. The objectives can be-

1. To ensure regular and adequate supply of funds to the concern.
2. To ensure adequate returns to the shareholders which will depend upon the earning capacity, market price of the share, expectations of the shareholders.
3. To ensure optimum funds utilisation. Once the funds are procured, they should be utilised in maximum possible way at least cost.
4. To ensure safety on investment, i.e, funds should be invested in safe ventures so that adequate rate of return can be achieved.
5. To plan a sound capital structure-There should be sound and fair composition of capital so that a balance is maintained between debt and equity capital.

Question No. 4 IBO - 02 International Marketing Management Mcom 1st Year

Solutions to Assignments 

IBO-02 International Marketing Management

Solutions to Question No. 4

a) Probability and Non-probability Sampling Methods

Sampling means selecting a particular group or sample to represent the entire population. Sampling methods are majorly divided into two categories probability sampling and non-probability sampling. In the first case, each member has a fixed, known opportunity to belong to the sample, whereas in the second case, there is no specific probability of an individual to be a part of the sample.

For a layman, these two concepts are same, but in reality, they are different in the sense that in probability sampling every member of the population gets a fair chance of selection which is not in the case with non-probability sampling. Other important differences between probability and non-probability sampling are compiled in the article below.

The significant differences between probability and non-probability sampling

1. The sampling technique, in which the subjects of the population get an equal opportunity to be selected as a representative sample, is known as probability sampling. A sampling method in which it is not known that which individual from the population will be chosen as a sample, is called non-probability sampling.
2. The basis of probability sampling is randomization or chance, so it is also known as Random sampling. On the contrary, in non-probability sampling randomization technique is not applied for selecting a sample. Hence it is considered as Non-random sampling.
3. In probability sampling, the sampler chooses the representative to be part of the sample randomly, whereas, in non-probability sampling, the subject is chosen arbitrarily, to belong to the sample by the researcher.
4. The chances of selection in probability sampling, are fixed and known. As opposed to non-probability sampling, the selection probability is zero, i.e. it is neither specified not known.
5. Probability sampling is used when the research is conclusive in nature. On the other hand, when the research is exploratory, non-probability sampling should be used.
6. The results generated by probability sampling, are free from bias while the results of non-probability sampling are more or less biased.
7. As the subjects are selected randomly by the researcher in probability sampling, so the extent to which it represents the whole population is higher as compared to the non-probability sampling. That is why extrapolation of results to the entire population is possible in the probability sampling but not in non-probability sampling.
8. Probability sampling test hypothesis but non-probability sampling generates it.