Solutions to Assignments
MCO-04 - BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
Master of Commerce (M.Com) - 2nd Year
Question No. 5
Comment on the following statements:
(a) India’s export is not more than the China for the year 2019-20.
India's exports to China has increased by 16.15 per cent to USD 20.87 billion in 2020 from USD 17.9 billion in the previous year on account of healthy growth in the shipments of ores, iron and steel, aluminum and copper, according to the data of the commerce ministry.
Trade deficit with China has declined 19.39 per cent from USD 56.95 billion in 2019 to USD 45.91 billion in 2020 as the country's imports from the neighbouring country contracted 10.87 per cent to USD 66.78 billion from USD 74.92 billion in 2019, the data showed.
The bilateral trade in 2020 decreased by 5.64 per cent to 87.65 billion compared to USD 92.89 billion in the previous year.
In the agriculture sector, the main export commodities which recorded healthy growth includes cane sugar, soybean oil, and vegetables fats and oils.
However, the exports of mangoes, fish oil, tea, and fresh grapes declined.
Commenting on these numbers, Federation of Indian Export Organisations (FIEO) President S K Saraf said that this is a positive sign and it reflects increasing competitiveness of domestic exporters.
Imports of goods including electrical machinery and equipment, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances, plastics and related articles, articles of iron and steel, furniture, fertilizers, vehicle parts and accessories, toys and sports equipment, inorganic chemicals and ceramic products have recorded a decline.
India’s trade with China last year fell to the lowest since 2017, with the trade imbalance declining to a five-year low on the back of a slump in India’s imports from China.
Two-way trade in 2020 reached $87.6 billion, down by 5.6%, according to new figures from China’s General Administration of Customs (GAC). India’s imports from China accounted for $66.7 billion, declining by 10.8% year-on-year and the lowest figure since 2016.
India’s exports to China, however, rose to the highest figure on record, for the first time crossing the $20 billion-mark and growing 16% last year to $20.86 billion.
The trade deficit, a source of friction between India and China, declined to a five year-low of $45.8 billion, the lowest since 2015.
While there was no immediate break-up of the data in 2020, India’s biggest import in 2019 was electrical machinery and equipment, worth $20.17 billion. Other major imports in 2019 were organic chemicals ($8.39 billion) and fertilisers ($1.67 billion), while India’s top exports were iron ore, organic chemicals, cotton and unfinished diamonds. The past 12 months saw a surge in demand for iron ore in China with a slew of new infrastructure projects aimed at reviving growth after the COVID-19 slump. China’s total iron ore imports were up 9.5 per cent in 2020.
Whether 2020 is an exception or marks a turn away from the recent pattern of India’s trade with China remains to be seen. While India’s imports from China declined, so did India’s imports overall with a slump in domestic demand last year. There is, as yet, no evidence to suggest India has replaced its import dependence on China by either sourcing those goods elsewhere or manufacturing them at home, and the trade pattern of the coming 12 months, as India’s economy begins to rebound, will reveal whether the past year was an exception or a turning point.
The decline in exports to India bucked the trend of a strong year for Chinese exports, which surged 10.9% in December and grew 4% in 2020, aided by the economic recovery in China while many countries remained in various states of lockdown.
This marked a sharp turnaround for the world’s second-largest economy, which saw its GDP contract 6.8% during the height of the COVID-19 outbreak in the first quarter of the year and a 4.9% fall in foreign trade from January until May. With a stringent lockdown bringing the outbreak in China under control by the summer, the economy rebounded to grow 3.2% in the second quarter and 4.9% in the third, with China’s industries humming back to life with much of the rest of the world in lockdown.
China was “the world's only major economy to have registered positive growth in foreign trade in goods,” Li Kuiwen, spokesperson of the GAC, said, with China’s foreign trade and exports in the first 10 months of the year accounting for a record 12.8% and 14.2% of the global total.
That was reflected in the annual export figures, recording a sharp rise with most of China’s major trading partners. Exports to ASEAN countries, China’s largest trading partner last year with $684 billion in annual trade, were up 6.7%, while exports to the EU, China’s second-largest trading partner, were also up 6.7%, with trade reaching $649 billion.
Despite the trade war with the U.S. and the pandemic, two-way trade was up 8.3% to $586 billion, with Chinese exports up 7.9% to reach a record $451 billion. The trade surplus with the U.S. was $317 billion in 2020, higher than the $288 billion figure at the end of President Donald Trump’s first year in office in 2017, underlining the limited impact of his tariff and trade war as he ends his presidency.
(b) Agricultural and allied products are not the India’s leading export products.
Growth in agricultural exports, notwithstanding pandemic disruptions, has been pushed with the aid of using the government’s coverage-stage interventions in addition to the growth of merchandise into new markets, Commerce Secretary Anup Wadhawan stated on Thursday.
After ultimate stagnant for the closing 3 years, the export of agriculture and allied merchandise at some point of 2020-21 grew 17.34 in keeping with cent to $41.25 billion. In 2017-18 and 2018-19, they hovered round $38 billion, thereafter declining to $35.sixteen billion in 2019-20. In the primary months of the modern-day financial yr, there has been a forty three in keeping with cent jump, Wadhawan informed media men and women in a digital briefing.
“Growth turned into because of the possibilities that Covid-19 offered. It turned into additionally because of numerous programmes emanating from agriculture Agricultural and allied products are not the India’s leading export products. coverage that got here into impact in December 2018. It turned into applied in districts and clusters. Many clusters and districts that had been now no longer exporting in advance have commenced doing it now,” Wadhawan stated.
India is seeing boom withinside the export of cereals, non-basmati rice, wheat, millets, maize, and different coarse grains. The biggest markets for India’s agriculturalproducts are the US, China, Bangladesh, the UAE, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Nepal, Iran, and Malaysia.An professional declaration stated that the very best boom has been recorded in Indonesia (102.forty two in keeping with cent), Bangladesh (95.ninety three in keeping with cent), and Nepal (50.forty nine in keeping with cent).
Demand for Indian cereals turned into strong in 2020-21, with shipments despatched to numerous nations for the primary time, together with rice to nations like Timor-Leste, Puerto Rico, and Brazil. Similarly, wheat turned into sent to nations together with Agricultural and allied products are not the India’s leading export products. Yemen, Indonesia, and Bhutan, and different cereals had been exported to Sudan, Poland, Bolivia, stated Diwakar Nath Mishra, joint secretary on the trade ministry. Demand for greater fitness merchandise such millets, ginger turmeric, quinoa is rising.
According to Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) Chairman M Angamuthu, there was a upward thrust in call for for natural merchandise. Organic exports that consist of merchandise together with cereals and millets, spices Agricultural and allied products are not the India’s leading export products. and condiments, tea, medicinal plant merchandise, dry fruits, and sugar grew fifty one in keeping with cent yr on yr to $1,040 million. The boom also can be attributed to call for for such merchandise because of the outbreak of the pandemic.
Pesticide residue troubles have affected exports of basmati rice -- key conventional export product -- to the EU because of stringent norms imposed for chemical compounds together with Tricyclazole and Buprofezin, substantially utilized in rice cultivation in India. Testing with the aid of using the Export Inspection Council (EIC) has been made obligatory for basmati exports to the EU, which caused a lower withinside the range of alerts.
“Punjab imposed a ban on income of 9 chemical compounds, which includes Tricyclazole and Buprofezin, at some point of the Kharif season 2020. APEDA, in collaboration with the change bodies, has taken measures to create focus withinside the basmati-developing areas. Efforts also are being made to make certain that the manner for solving Import Tolerance Limits (ITLs) for Tricyclazole and Buprofezin with the aid of using the EU isn't delayed,” an professional declaration stated.
As a long way because the Services Exports from India Scheme (SEIS) is concerned, Wadhwan stated while the branch made a brand new overseas change coverage, “what we want to do for offerings can be taken under consideration primarily based totally on stakeholder remarks and different inputs”.
India is an agrarian financial system and is a primary contributor to the worldwide meals basket, way to the beneficial agro-climatic situations and the wealthy base of herbal resources. As in keeping with WTO’s Trade Statistics, the proportion of India’s agricultural exports and imports withinside the international agriculture change in 2017 turned into 2.27% and 1.90%, respectively. India is a number of the international’s main manufacturers of many commodities together with dairy, cereals, spices, fruits & vegetables, rice, wheat, cotton, and others. Agricultural and allied products are not the India’s leading export products. Apart from pleasing home call for, Indian agricultural produce that consists of horticultural produce, and processed ingredients are exported to greater than one hundred nations withinside the international which includes the US, nations withinside the Middle East, and the EU. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, the easy functioning of the agriculture area turned into ensured with the aid of using issuing applicable guidelines. There turned into a large development withinside the meals grain manufacturing and the COVID-19 brought on motion regulations global did now no longer have an effect on India’s agri-exports as they did with different commodities. With recognize to agri-imports, India majorly imports vegetable oils, clean fruits, pulses, and spices.
India has constantly maintained a change surplus in agricultural commodities over the years. India’s agri-exports accelerated from Rs. 38,078 crores in 2004-05 to Rs. 2.7 lakh crores in 2018-19, registering an growth of almost 7 instances withinside the span of 15 years. However, in 2019-20, there has been a drop in export with the aid of using round eight%. Between April 2020 and February 2021 of 2020-21, India’s agri-exports have already crossed the 2019-20 levels, indicating boom in agri-exports for 2020-21 in keeping with the sooner trends.
Likewise, the import of agricultural merchandise has additionally accelerated over the years. In 2004-05, agri-imports had been really well worth Rs.18,924 crores which went as much as Rs. 1.sixty eight lakh crores in 2016-17, recording a boom of just about eight instances. However, due to the fact that 2016-17, the fee of imports dropped to attain Rs. 1.forty two lakh crores in 2018-19. In 2019-20, India’s agri-imports had been really well worth Rs.1.fifty one lakhe crores and in 2020-21, up to twenty-eight February 2021, the imports had been really well worth Rs.1.forty four lakh crores.
Comparison of exports of agriculture and allied commodities with the aid of using fee at some point of the primary eleven months of 2019-20 and 2020-21 indicates that the exports at some point of April 2020 and February 2021 had been Rs. 2.sixty nine lakh crore compared to Rs. 2.27 lakh crore at some point of the equal length in 2019-20, indicating an growth of 18.four%. Meanwhile, the imports had additionally accelerated with the aid of using 2.38%, from that Rs. 1.four lakh crores to nearly Rs. 1.forty four lakh crores at some point of the equal length in 2019-20 and 2020-21 respectively. It may be visible that the agriculture exports Agricultural and allied products are not the India’s leading export products. with inside the first eleven months of 2019-20 accounted for 91.2% of the general agriculture exports in 2019-20. Similarly, withinside the case of imports, those eleven months accounted for ninety three% of all of the imports in 2019-20. If the equal fashion keeps in 2020-21, India’s exports and imports may also develop in addition while facts for all of the 12-months of 2020-21 is available. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, the exports withinside the agriculture area had been now no longer as seriously affected as the alternative sectors.
The important drivers of the growth in exports in 2020-21 are wheat (672% growth), vegetable oil (258%), different cereals (245%), molasses (141%) and non-Basmati rice (132%). Marine merchandise, Basmati Rice, Non- Basmati Rice, Spices, and Buffalo meat had been a number of the pinnacle 5 commodities to be exported, in phrases of fee, each in 2019-20 and 2020-21. Together, those 5 merchandise accounted for nearly 57% of agriculture exports withinside the first eleven months of 2019-20 and 54% of the exports at some point of the equal length in 2020-21. Agricultural and allied products are not the India’s leading export products. In rupee phrases, Marine merchandise are the maximum exported with over Rs. 40,a hundred and forty crores really well worth exports in 2020-21. However, their exports have dropped with the aid of using 10.18% in 2020-21, as in comparison to Rs. 44691.forty four really well worth marine exports in 2019-20. The exports of Basmati rice have additionally barely dropped with the aid of using 2% withinside the first eleven months of 2020-21.
(c) Export promotion capital goods scheme does not facilitate import of capital goods in India.
EPCG (Export Promotion Capital Goods) Scheme helps in facilitating the import of capital goods for manufacturing quality goods and to augment the competitiveness of India’s export.
EPCG scheme enables the import of capital goods that are used in the pre-production, production, and post-production without the payment of customs duty.
This is a Scheme that enables an importer (being an export-oriented business) to import capital goods at zero rates of customs duty. However, the scheme is subject to an export value equivalent to 6 times of duty saved on the importation of such capital goods within 6 years from the date of issuance of the authorization.
In simple words, there is a compulsion on the business to bring in foreign currency which is equal to 600 per cent of duty saved on such importation measured in domestic currency. This is to be done within six years from availing of the Export Promotion Capital Goods Scheme.
Export Promotion Capital Goods
Export Promotion Capital Goods are capital goods used in the production of goods that are exported to other countries. It includes machinery as well as spares. Hence, to qualify as Export Promotion Capital Goods, the commodity manufactured in India must be exported outside India.
Capital Goods allowed under EPCG Scheme
The capital goods allowed under Export Promotion Capital Goods Scheme shall include spares (including reconditioned/ refurbished), fixtures, jigs, tool, moulds and dies. Further, second-hand capital goods may also be imported without any restriction on age under the EPCG Scheme.
Under this scheme of Foreign Trade Policy (FTP), importation of capital goods required for the manufacturing of export-oriented product specified in the Export Promotion Capital Goods Authorization is permitted at concessional/nil rate of duty. This scheme under Foreign Trade Policy allows technological up-gradation of the indigenous industry.
Export Promotion Capital Goods (EPCG) Authorizations are issued by licensing authority – Director General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) based on the certificate issued by an Independent chartered engineer.
Benefit from EPCG Scheme
EPCG is intended for promoting exports and the Indian Government with the help of this scheme offers incentives and financial support to the exporters. Heavy exporters could benefit from this provision. However, it is not advisable to go ahead with this scheme for those who don’t expect to manufacture in quantity or expect to sell the produce entirely within the country, as it could become almost impossible to fulfil the obligations set under this scheme.
EPCG License
In order to obtain a License under the EPCG scheme, it is a primary requirement to file an application with the licensing authority of the Director General of Foreign Trade. The application shall be attached with the required documents along with the company and personal details.
(d) Third party exports are not allowed in India.
What is third-Party: A third party is someone who is not one of the main people involved in a business agreement or legal case, but who is involved in it in a minor role. Any individual who does not have a direct connection with a legal transaction but who might be affected by it. A third–party beneficiary is an individual for whose benefit a contract is created even though that person is a stranger to both the agreement and the consideration.
Understanding of Third-Party transactions: When a buyer and seller enter into a business deal, they may decide to use the services of an intermediary or third party who manages the transaction between both parties. For example, if a company X sells inventory to its subsidiary, company Y, a third-party transaction occurs when company Y sells those final goods to company Z. A third-party transaction often involves a seller, a buyer, and an additional party not connected to the others.
Third-Party Imports: When an individual or entity (importer) imports goods on behalf of another individual or entity and make payment to third-party on behalf of seller, it is called the third-party imports. For example X has imported books from Y, USA, worth CIF value of USD 25,000. Y requested X to remit the amount to Z on behalf of Y. Here consignee would be X and buyer is Z and in AWB/BL consignee would be X and Notify would be Z.
Third-Party Exports: Whenever an individual or entity (exporter) makes an export on the behalf of another individual entity or individual (exporter or manufacturer), it is called third-party exports. In such cases, export documents such as shipping bills shall indicate name of both exporter and third-party exporter. BRC, GR declaration, export order and invoice should be in the name of third-party exporter. Foreign Inward Remittance Certificate (FIRC) is the legal document that shows that a certain individual or entity has received a remittance from outside the country. During third-party exports, the FIRC is furnished in the name of the said exporter instead of the actual manufacturer/exporter of the shipment. An assessee who supplies goods and services may not have the infrastructure to undertake the export. Hence, the assessee may utilise the services of an intermediary for carrying out the export transaction. The intermediary is known as the third party exporter. The supplier of the exported goods and services is known as the manufacturer exporter.
Advantages of Third-Party Exports
In case of third-party exports manufacturer need not register with Reserve Bank of India because the third party who are obtaining foreign exchange receipts should register with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
Under a third-party export, the foreign inward remittance from the customer is received by the third party explorer. The inward remittance is received in foreign currency.
However, the settlement between the third party exporter and the manufacturer exporter is made in rupees.
Hence, the manufacturer explorer need not undertake the procedure for conversion of foreign exchange.
By making use of the services of the third party exporter, the manufacturer exporter can concentrate on the core business. The manufacturer exporter can make use of the expertise of the third party explorer.
The third-party explorer helps the manufacturer exporter to procure orders from customers.
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